In which residence pattern does one reproductive-age female live with two or more males and their offspring?

The residence pattern described, where one reproductive-age female lives with two or more males and their offspring, is identified as polyandry. This arrangement is characterized by a single female mating with multiple males, and can often lead to cooperative parenting, as the males may contribute to the care of the offspring.

Polyandry is relatively rare among human societies but can be found in some non-human species as well. The structure allows for genetic diversity among the offspring and can also be a strategy to ensure that the female has sufficient resources for raising her young.

Understanding polyandry in the context of other residence patterns enhances the comprehension of various family and mating structures in human societies and other species. It differentiates itself from polygyny, where one male has multiple females; monogamy, where one male mates with one female; and promiscuity, which involves multiple mating partners without long-term relationships.