Which residence pattern among primates shows the highest degree of male competition?

Single-male groups demonstrate the highest degree of male competition among primates. In these groups, only one male has breeding rights with the females, leading to intense competition among males to be the sole reproductive male. This situation fosters higher levels of aggression, mate-guarding behavior, and displays of strength as males vie for dominance in order to secure mating opportunities.

In contrast, multimale groups often have several males breeding with multiple females, which diffuses competition since multiple males share mating opportunities. Monogamous pairs involve one male and one female, which reduces male competition significantly, as there is no rivalry for access to females. Polyandrous groups, where one female mates with several males, also lessen direct competition since males may cooperate in rearing offspring rather than compete aggressively.

Overall, the social structure and mating system in single-male groups create an environment ripe for competition, enhancing mating success for the dominant male while elevating the stakes for the other males in the group.